NCERT Exemplar ke Microorganisms: Friend and Foe unit ke topics pe poori practice: sukshmjeevon ke 5 bade group (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, virus), woh kahan rehte hain, unke faayde (dahi, bread, dawa, teeka, mitti ki taakat, safaai), nuksaan (insaanon, jaanwaron aur paudhon ki bimaariyaan, food poisoning) aur khaane ko kharaab hone se bachane ke tareeke. Pehle chhota recap (saare naye shabd wahin samjhaaye hain), phir MCQs, fill in the blanks, true/false, short aur long answer, HOTS, aur aakhir mein answer key, sab ke hal Hinglish mein step by step. Isse apne current Curiosity chapter Ch 2: The Invisible Living World ke saath padhiye. 🦠
🧠 Concept Recap: Pehle Yeh Yaad Kar Lo
📖 Current chapter: Curiosity Ch 2: The Invisible Living World. Is chapter ka hub page jald aa raha hai; tab tak Class 8 Science (saare chapters) dekho.
📏 Pehle yeh shabd samjho (aage yahi shabd use honge):
- Microorganism (sukshmjeev, microbe) = itne chhote jeevit jeev ki sirf aankh se nahi dikhte; dekhne ke liye microscope chahiye.
- Microscope (sukshmdarshi) = lens wala yantra jo cheez ko kai sau guna bada karke dikhata hai.
- Cell (koshika) = jeevan ki sabse chhoti ikai, jaise ghar ki ek eent. Unicellular = sirf ek koshika ka jeev (bacteria, amoeba). Multicellular = bahut saari koshikaon se bana (kuch algae aur fungi, aur hum insaan).
- Bacteria = ek koshika wale bahut chhote jeev; kuch faydemand (dahi banaane wale), kuch bimaari wale.
- Fungi (kavak) = khameer (yeast), bread pe ugne wali roodaar kaali-hari parat (mould, phaphoond) aur mushroom jaise jeev. Ekvachan: fungus.
- Protozoa = ek koshika wale jeev jo paani aur nami mein rehte hain, jaise amoeba; kuch bimaari bhi failaate hain (malaria wala).
- Algae (shaivaal) = paani mein ugne wale hare jeev (kaai) jo dhoop se apna khaana khud banaate hain. Dhyaan: blue-green algae asal mein algae nahi, bacteria hain; inka naam sirf inke neele-hare rang ki wajah se pada.
- Protein = khaane ka ek zaroori hissa jisse shareer bante aur badhte hain (daal, doodh, ande mein milta hai). Oxygen = hawa ki woh gas jo hum saans mein lete hain. Chemical reaction = jab do ya zyada cheezein mil kar bilkul nayi cheez ban jaayein, jaise loha + oxygen + nami se jung.
- Lifecycle (jeevan chakra) = janm se bade hone tak ke saare padaav. Machchhar ka: ande → larva (paani mein rehne wala chhota keeda jaisa bachcha) → pupa → machchhar. Ande-larva = machchhar ke ande aur unse nikle larva.
- Course (dawa ka course) = doctor ne jitne din dawa batayi, woh poore din. Adhoora course = beech mein hi dawa band kar dena.
- Virus = sabse chhote; yeh sirf kisi doosre jeev ki jeevit koshika ke andar hi apni ginti badhaate hain. Bahar akele kuch nahi kar paate.
- Host (mezbaan) = woh jeev jiske shareer mein koi microbe ya parasite (doosre jeev ke shareer pe ya andar reh kar usi se khaana lene wala jeev, jo use nuksaan pahunchata hai) rehta/badhta hai.
- Pathogen = bimaari failaane wala microbe (rogaanu).
- Communicable disease (sanchaari rog) = jo ek insaan se doosre tak hawa, paani, khaane ya chhoone se fail sake.
- Carrier (vahak) = jo khud bimaar hue bina rogaanu ek jagah se doosri jagah le jaaye, jaise makkhi (housefly) gande kachre se khaane tak.
- Fermentation (kinvan) = yeast jaise microbe ka cheeni (sugar) ko todkar alcohol aur carbon dioxide gas banana. Isi se aata (dough) phoolta hai.
- Antibiotic = microbe se banne wali dawa jo bacteria ko maarti ya badhne se rokti hai. Virus pe kaam nahi karti.
- Vaccine (teeka) = kamzor ya mare hue rogaanu se bani dawa. Shareer isse antibodies (rogaanu se ladne wale khaas protein) banana seekh leta hai, aur asli rogaanu aane pe jaldi lad leta hai.
- Decomposer (apghatak) = mare hue paudhon-jaanwaron aur kachre ko tod kar mitti mein milaane wale microbe. Is kaam ko decomposition kehte hain.
- Nitrogen fixation = hawa ki nitrogen gas ko aise roop mein badalna jo paudhe mitti se le sakein. Legume = phali wale paudhe (chana, matar, moong); inki jadon ki gaanthon (root nodules) mein Rhizobium bacteria yeh kaam karte hain.
- Preservation (sanrakshan) = khaane ko microbe se bacha kar zyada din tak theek rakhna. Preservative = is kaam ke liye milaayi cheez (namak, cheeni, tel, sirka, kuch chemicals).
- Toxin (vish) = kuch microbes dwara banaaya zehreela padarth; kharaab khaane mein yahi food poisoning karta hai.
- °C = degree Celsius, taapmaan naapne ki ikai (paani 100 °C pe ubalta hai).
1. Sukshmjeevon ke 5 group
Yeh har jagah milte hain: mitti, paani, hawa, barf jaisi thandi jagah, garam paani ke chashme, registan, daldal, aur hamare shareer ke andar bhi (pet mein). Kuch akele rehte hain, kuch group (colony) mein.
2. Dost (faydemand) microbes
| Kaam | Kaun karta hai | Kaise |
|---|---|---|
| Dahi (curd) | Lactobacillus bacteria | Doodh mein thoda dahi (jaaman) daalo; bacteria badh kar doodh ko dahi bana dete hain |
| Bread, idli, dosa ka phoolna | Yeast (fungus) aur bacteria | Fermentation se carbon dioxide gas banti hai; gas ke bulbule aate ko phula dete hain |
| Alcohol aur sirka (vinegar) | Yeast | Cheeni → alcohol + carbon dioxide (fermentation); Louis Pasteur ne fermentation samjhaaya |
| Dawa (antibiotic) | Bacteria aur fungi | Alexander Fleming ne 1928 mein Penicillium naam ki phaphoond (mould) se penicillin dhoondhi |
| Teeka (vaccine) | Kamzor/mare rogaanu | Edward Jenner ne chechak (smallpox) ka teeka banaaya; aaj polio, khasra (measles) ke teeke |
| Mitti ki taakat | Rhizobium, blue-green algae | Nitrogen fixation: hawa ki nitrogen ko paudhon ke kaam ki banaana |
| Safaai | Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) | Patte, kachra, mare jeev tod kar khaad (manure) banaana; mitti ko poshan wapas |
3. Dushman (nuksaandeh) microbes
| Bimaari | Kisko | Microbe | Kaise failti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Insaan | Bacteria | Hawa (khaansi-chheenk) |
| Measles (khasra), chickenpox | Insaan | Virus | Hawa / chhoona |
| Polio | Insaan | Virus | Gandaa paani / khaana |
| Cholera, typhoid | Insaan | Bacteria | Gandaa paani / khaana |
| Hepatitis A | Insaan | Virus | Gandaa paani |
| Malaria | Insaan | Protozoa | Maada Anopheles machchhar ka kaatna |
| Dengue | Insaan | Virus | Aedes machchhar ka kaatna |
| Anthrax | Insaan aur maveshi (gaay-bhains) | Bacteria | Sankramit jaanwar/mitti |
| Foot and mouth disease (khurpaka-muhpaka) | Maveshi | Virus | Chhoona, hawa |
| Citrus canker | Nimbu-santre ke paudhe | Bacteria | Hawa |
| Rust of wheat (gehoon ka “rust” rog) | Gehoon | Fungi | Hawa, beej |
| Yellow vein mosaic | Bhindi | Virus | Keede (insects) |
Dhyaan: gehoon ka “rust” ek fungus wali bimaari hai (patton pe bhoore-laal dhabbe). Ise lohe ki jung (rusting, ek chemical reaction) se mat milao.
4. Khaane ko bachana (food preservation)
- Namak: achaar, sukhi machhli; namak paani kheench leta hai, to microbe badh nahi paate.
- Cheeni: jam, murabba; zyada cheeni bhi nami kam karti hai.
- Tel aur sirka: achaar; hawa aur microbes ko rokte hain.
- Chemical preservatives: sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite (jam, squash, sauce mein).
- Garmi aur thand: ubaalna microbes ko maarta hai; fridge ki thand unka badhna dheema karti hai.
- Pasteurisation: doodh ko lagbhag 70 °C tak 15–30 second garam karke turant thanda karna (Louis Pasteur ke naam pe). Doodh ka swaad bana rehta hai aur zyada tar rogaanu mar jaate hain.
- Packing: hawa-band (airtight) packet mein hawa aur microbes andar nahi aate.
— 📌 charumam.com
📝 Section A: 10 MCQs
Har sawaal ke 4 options mein se ek sahi chuno. Pehle khud socho, phir “Hal dekho” kholo.
Q1. Doodh se dahi kaun banata hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Lactobacillus bacteria
Doodh mein thoda dahi (jaaman) daalte hain; usme Lactobacillus bacteria hote hain. Yeh doodh mein badh kar use khatta aur gaadha (dahi) bana dete hain. Yeast bread phulata hai, Rhizobium mitti mein nitrogen deta hai.
Q2. Bread ka aata (dough) phool kyun jaata hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Yeast carbon dioxide gas banata hai
Yeast aate ki cheeni ko todta hai (fermentation) aur carbon dioxide gas banata hai. Gas ke chhote bulbule aate mein phans kar use phula dete hain. Isliye bread mein chhote chhed dikhte hain.
Q3. Malaria kis microbe se hota hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (c) Protozoa
Malaria ek protozoa (ek koshika wala jeev) se hota hai. Ise maada Anopheles machchhar ek insaan se doosre tak le jaata hai (carrier).
Q4. Antibiotic kis bimaari mein kaam nahi karegi?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (d) Sardi-zukaam (common cold)
Antibiotics bacteria pe kaam karti hain. Typhoid, cholera aur TB bacteria se hote hain. Sardi-zukaam virus se hota hai, aur virus pe antibiotic asar nahi karti. Isliye bina doctor ke antibiotic lena galat hai.
Q5. Chana, matar jaise paudhon ki jadon ki gaanthon (root nodules) mein kaun rehta hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Rhizobium
Rhizobium bacteria phali wale (legume) paudhon ki jadon ki gaanthon mein rehte hain aur hawa ki nitrogen ko paudhe ke kaam ke roop mein badalte hain (nitrogen fixation). Isse mitti ki taakat badhti hai.
Q6. Penicillin (pehli badi antibiotic) kisne dhoondhi?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (c) Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming ne dekha ki Penicillium naam ki phaphoond (mould) ke aas-paas bacteria nahi badh rahe the. Usi se penicillin mili. Jenner = teeka (smallpox), Pasteur = fermentation aur pasteurisation.
Q7. Gehoon ka “rust” rog kis microbe se hota hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (a) Fungi
Gehoon ka rust ek fungus wali bimaari hai jo hawa aur beej se failti hai. Naam “rust” hai par yeh lohe ki jung nahi.
Q8. Doodh ko lagbhag 70 °C tak 15–30 second garam karke turant thanda karne ko kya kehte hain?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Pasteurisation
Is tareeke ko pasteurisation kehte hain (Louis Pasteur ke naam pe). Zyada tar rogaanu mar jaate hain aur turant thanda karne se bache microbes dobara nahi badh paate.
Q9. Makkhi (housefly) bimaari failaane mein kya kaam karti hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Carrier
Makkhi gande kachre pe baithti hai, rogaanu uske pairon pe chipak jaate hain, phir woh khule khaane pe baith kar unhe chhod deti hai. Khud bimaar hue bina rogaanu le jaana = carrier (vahak).
Q10. Kaunsa microbe sirf kisi jeevit koshika ke andar hi apni ginti badha sakta hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (c) Virus
Virus akele apni ginti nahi badha sakta. Woh kisi jeev (host) ki koshika mein ghus kar usi ki machinery se naye virus banata hai.
— 📌 charumam.com
✍️ Section B: Fill in the Blanks
Khaali jagah (_____) mein sahi shabd ya number bharo.
Q1. Microorganisms ko dekhne ke liye _____ chahiye.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: microscope
Yeh itne chhote hain ki sirf aankh se nahi dikhte; microscope unhe kai sau guna bada karke dikhata hai.
Q2. Yeast cheeni ko alcohol aur carbon dioxide mein badalta hai. Is process ko _____ kehte hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: fermentation
Cheeni → alcohol + carbon dioxide. Yahi gas aate ko bhi phulati hai.
Q3. Chechak (smallpox) ka teeka (vaccine) sabse pehle _____ ne banaaya.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner ne dekha ki halki bimaari (cowpox) wale logon ko chechak nahi hoti; isi se teeke ka idea aaya.
Q4. Dengue failaane wala machchhar _____ hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: Aedes
Dengue (virus) Aedes machchhar se failta hai, jo saaf ruke hue paani (cooler, gamle, tyre) mein ande deta hai. Malaria wala machchhar Anopheles hai.
Q5. Mare paudhon aur jaanwaron ko tod kar khaad banaane wale microbes ko _____ kehte hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: decomposers
Decomposers (bacteria aur fungi) mare jeevon ko saral cheezon mein tod kar mitti mein poshan wapas daalte hain.
Q6. Achaar mein namak, tel aur _____ preservative ka kaam karte hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: sirka (vinegar)
Sirka khatta hota hai; khatte maahaul mein zyada tar microbes nahi badh paate.
Q7. Cholera aur typhoid aam taur pe gande _____ se failte hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: paani
Rogaanu gande paani aur usse bane khaane se pet tak pahunchte hain. Isliye ubla ya saaf (filter) paani piyo.
Q8. Bhindi ka yellow vein mosaic rog _____ se hota hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: virus
Is rog mein bhindi ke patton ki nasein peeli pad jaati hain; yeh virus keedon (insects) dwara failta hai.
— 📌 charumam.com
✅❌ Section C: True / False
Batao statement sahi (True) hai ya galat (False). Galat ho to use sahi karke likho.
Q1. Saare microorganisms nuksaandeh hote hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Bahut saare microbes faydemand hain: dahi, bread, dawa, teeka, nitrogen fixation aur safaai. Sahi: “Kuch microbes nuksaandeh hain, bahut saare faydemand.”
Q2. Virus pe antibiotic dawa ka asar nahi hota.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Sahi. Antibiotics bacteria ko rokti hain. Virus jeevit koshika ke andar chhupa rehta hai aur antibiotic uspe kaam nahi karti.
Q3. Gehoon ka rust rog aur lohe ki jung ek hi cheez hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Gehoon ka rust ek fungus wali bimaari hai; lohe ki jung ek chemical reaction hai (loha + oxygen + nami). Sirf naam milta hai.
Q4. Rhizobium bacteria mitti ki nitrogen badhane mein madad karte hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Sahi. Yeh legume paudhon ki jadon ki gaanthon mein rehkar hawa ki nitrogen ko paudhon ke kaam ki banate hain.
Q5. Fridge mein rakhne se saare microbes mar jaate hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Thand microbes ka badhna dheema karti hai, unhe poori tarah maarti nahi. Isliye fridge ka khaana bhi kuch din baad kharaab hota hai. Sahi: “Fridge microbes ka badhna dheema karta hai.”
Q6. Malaria ek protozoa se hota hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Sahi. Malaria ka rogaanu ek koshika wala protozoa hai, jise maada Anopheles machchhar failata hai.
Q7. Microorganisms sirf garam jagahon pe rehte hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Yeh barf jaisi thandi jagah, garam chashmon, registan, daldal, paani, mitti aur hamare shareer, sab jagah milte hain.
Q8. Teeka (vaccine) shareer ko antibodies banana sikhaata hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Sahi. Kamzor/mare rogaanu se shareer ladna seekh leta hai; baad mein asli rogaanu aaye to antibodies jaldi ban kar use rok deti hain.
— 📌 charumam.com
🟢 Section D: Short Answer Questions
2 se 3 marks wale sawaal. Har step likhne ki aadat daalo.
Q1. Microorganisms ke 5 bade group ke naam likho aur har ek ka ek example do.
Step-by-step hal
Step 1: yaad rakho group: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, virus.
Step 2 (examples): (1) Bacteria: Lactobacillus (dahi wala). (2) Fungi: yeast, bread mould (Rhizopus). (3) Protozoa: amoeba. (4) Algae: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra (paani ki hari kaai). (5) Virus: polio ya khasra (measles) ka virus.
Q2. Bina doctor ki salah ke antibiotic kyun nahi leni chahiye? Do kaaran do.
Step-by-step hal
Kaaran 1: antibiotic sirf bacteria pe kaam karti hai. Sardi-zukaam ya flu (virus) mein lene se koi fayda nahi, sirf nuksaan.
Kaaran 2: bina zaroorat ya adhoora course lene se pet ke faydemand bacteria bhi mar sakte hain, aur nuksaandeh bacteria pe aage chal kar dawa ka asar kam ho sakta hai.
Q3. Pasteurisation kya hai? Doodh ko sirf garam karke chhod dene ke bajaye turant thanda kyun karte hain?
Step-by-step hal
Step 1 (matlab): doodh ko lagbhag 70 °C tak 15–30 second garam karke turant thanda karna.
Step 2 (garmi kyun): garmi se zyada tar rogaanu mar jaate hain.
Step 3 (turant thanda kyun): agar doodh dheere-dheere thanda ho, to beech ka gungune taapmaan bache hue microbes ke badhne ke liye sabse achha hota hai. Turant thanda karne se woh badh nahi paate.
Q4. Makkhi aur machchhar bimaari kaise failaate hain? Har ek ke liye ek bimaari aur ek bachav likho.
Step-by-step hal
Makkhi: gande kachre se rogaanu pairon pe le kar khule khaane pe chhodti hai (carrier). Bimaari: cholera/typhoid jaise pet ke rog. Bachav: khaana dhak kar rakho, kachra band dabbe mein.
Machchhar: kaat kar rogaanu khoon mein daalta hai. Bimaari: malaria (Anopheles), dengue (Aedes). Bachav: ruka paani hatao (cooler, gamle saaf), machchhardaani lagao.
Q5. Kisaan dhaan (chawal) ki fasal ke baad kheton mein chana ya moong kyun ugaate hain?
Step-by-step hal
Step 1: chana, moong legume (phali wale) paudhe hain.
Step 2: inki jadon ki gaanthon mein Rhizobium bacteria rehte hain jo hawa ki nitrogen ko mitti mein paudhon ke kaam ke roop mein jama karte hain.
Step 3: dhaan ne mitti se nitrogen li thi; legume use wapas bhar dete hain. Agli fasal ko zyada khaad nahi chahiye.
Q6. Jam aur achaar jaldi kharaab kyun nahi hote?
Step-by-step hal
Jam: bahut zyada cheeni hoti hai, jo nami (paani) kheench leti hai. Microbes ko badhne ke liye paani chahiye, isliye woh nahi badhte.
Achaar: namak bhi paani kheenchta hai, aur tel hawa ko rokta hai; sirka khatta maahaul banata hai. Teeno milkar microbes ko rokte hain.
— 📌 charumam.com
📘 Section E: Long Answer Questions
4 se 5 marks wale sawaal. Hal mein har step ka kaaran bhi likha hai.
Q1. Microorganisms ke paanch faayde (dost wale kaam) example ke saath samjhao.
Step-by-step hal
1. Khaana: Lactobacillus doodh se dahi banata hai; yeast fermentation se carbon dioxide bana kar bread, idli, dosa ka aata phulata hai.
2. Dawa: kuch bacteria aur fungi se antibiotics banti hain, jaise Penicillium mould se penicillin (Alexander Fleming).
3. Teeka: kamzor ya mare rogaanu se vaccine banti hai; shareer antibodies banana seekhta hai (polio, khasra ke teeke).
4. Kheti: Rhizobium aur blue-green algae nitrogen fixation karke mitti ki taakat badhate hain.
5. Safaai: decomposers kachra, patte aur mare jeev tod kar khaad banaate hain aur mitti mein poshan wapas daalte hain. Inke bina dharti kachre se bhar jaati.
Q2. Ek table banao jisme insaanon ki 4, jaanwaron ki 1 aur paudhon ki 2 bimaariyon ke liye microbe ka group aur failne ka tareeka ho. Phir communicable bimaariyon se bachne ke 3 upaay likho.
Step-by-step hal
| Bimaari | Kisko | Microbe | Failne ka tareeka |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis | Insaan | Bacteria | Hawa (khaansi-chheenk) |
| Cholera | Insaan | Bacteria | Gandaa paani/khaana |
| Malaria | Insaan | Protozoa | Maada Anopheles machchhar |
| Measles | Insaan | Virus | Hawa |
| Foot and mouth disease | Maveshi | Virus | Chhoona, hawa |
| Citrus canker | Nimbu-santra | Bacteria | Hawa |
| Rust of wheat | Gehoon | Fungi | Hawa, beej |
Bachav ke upaay: (1) Khaansi-chheenk pe munh-naak dhako, bimaar insaan se thodi doori. (2) Ubla/saaf paani piyo, khaana dhak kar rakho, haath sabun se dhoyo. (3) Ruka paani hatao aur machchhardaani lagao; samay pe teeke lagwao.
Q3. Khaane ko microbes se bachane (preservation) ke paanch tareeke unke kaaran ke saath likho.
Step-by-step hal
1. Namak: achaar, sukhi machhli; namak paani kheenchta hai, to microbe ko nami nahi milti.
2. Cheeni: jam, murabba; cheeni bhi nami kam karti hai.
3. Tel aur sirka: tel hawa rokta hai; sirka khatta maahaul banata hai jisme microbes nahi badhte.
4. Chemicals: sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite jam-squash mein microbes ko badhne se rokte hain (tay maatra mein hi).
5. Garmi-thand aur packing: ubaalna/pasteurisation microbes maarta hai; fridge badhna dheema karta hai; airtight packing hawa aur microbes ko bahar rakhti hai.
Q4. Ek bacterium har 20 minute mein do mein bant jaata hai (1 se 2, 2 se 4…). Ek bacterium se shuru karein to 2 ghante baad kitne bacteria honge? Isse batao ki baasi khaana kyun nahi khaana chahiye.
Step-by-step hal
Step 1 (kitni baar bata): 2 ghante = 2 × 60 = 120 minute. Har 20 minute mein ek baar bantna: 120 ÷ 20 = 6 baar.
Step 2 (har baar double): 1 → 2 → 4 → 8 → 16 → 32 → 64. Yaani 2 ko 6 baar guna: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64.
Jawab: 2 ghante baad 64 bacteria.
Seekh: garam-gungune maahaul mein khula pada khaana kuch hi ghanton mein laakhon-karodon bacteria se bhar sakta hai, aur kuch bacteria toxin banaate hain jo food poisoning karta hai. Isliye baasi ya bahut der khula pada khaana mat khao.
— 📌 charumam.com
🧩 Section F: HOTS (Soch Wale Sawaal)
HOTS matlab Higher Order Thinking Skills: aise sawaal jinme formula se aage thoda dimaag lagana padta hai.
Q1. Riya kehti hai: “Yeast bhi microbe hai, to bread khaana bimaari laayega.” Kya woh sahi hai? Samjhao.
Soch aur hal dekho
Soch: har microbe pathogen (bimaari wala) nahi hota.
Yeast ek faydemand fungus hai jo aate ko phulata hai. Bread sekne (bake) ki garmi mein yeast mar bhi jaata hai. To bread khaane se yeast wali bimaari nahi hoti.
Jawab: nahi, Riya sahi nahi; yeast “dost” microbe hai.
Q2. Garmiyon mein dahi sardiyon se jaldi kyun jamta hai?
Soch aur hal dekho
Soch: dahi Lactobacillus bacteria banate hain, aur bacteria gungune-garam taapmaan pe tezi se badhte hain.
Garmiyon mein kamre ka taapmaan zyada hota hai, to bacteria jaldi badhte hain aur dahi kuch hi ghanton mein jam jaata hai. Sardi mein woh dheere badhte hain, isliye dahi der se jamta hai (log bartan ko garam jagah rakhte hain).
Q3. Dengue failne ke mausam mein school ne kaha: “Har hafte cooler ka paani badlo.” Iska science samjhao.
Soch aur hal dekho
Step 1: dengue virus Aedes machchhar failata hai.
Step 2: Aedes saaf ruke hue paani (cooler, gamle ki plate, purane tyre) mein ande deta hai; ande se machchhar banne mein lagbhag ek hafta lagta hai.
Step 3: har hafte paani badalne se ande-larva machchhar banne se pehle hi hat jaate hain. Machchhar kam, to dengue kam.
Q4. Agar dharti se saare decomposer microbes achaanak gaayab ho jaayein, to kya hoga? Do asar likho.
Soch aur hal dekho
Asar 1: mare paudhe, jaanwar aur kachra sadenge-galenge nahi; har jagah dher lag jaayenge.
Asar 2: mitti ko poshan (nitrogen jaise tatva) wapas nahi milega, to dheere-dheere naye paudhe theek se nahi ugenge, aur unpe nirbhar jaanwar aur insaan bhi mushkil mein aayenge.
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🔑 Answer Key (Ek Nazar Mein)
Pehle saare sawaal khud karo, phir yahan milaao. Jahan galti ho, upar us sawaal ka step-by-step hal dobara padho.
| Section | Answers |
|---|---|
| A. MCQ | 1: (b) · 2: (b) · 3: (c) · 4: (d) · 5: (b) · 6: (c) · 7: (a) · 8: (b) · 9: (b) · 10: (c) |
| B. Fill in the Blanks | 1: microscope · 2: fermentation · 3: Edward Jenner · 4: Aedes · 5: decomposers · 6: sirka (vinegar) · 7: paani · 8: virus |
| C. True / False | 1: F · 2: T · 3: F · 4: T · 5: F · 6: T · 7: F · 8: T |
| D. Short Answer | 1: Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, virus (examples upar) · 2: Virus pe asar nahi; faydemand bacteria marte hain aur dawa ka asar kam hota hai · 3: 70 °C pe 15–30 s garam, phir turant thanda; bache microbes na badhein · 4: Makkhi: khaane pe rogaanu; machchhar: kaat kar · 5: Legume + Rhizobium mitti mein nitrogen wapas bharte hain · 6: Cheeni/namak nami kheenchte hain; tel aur sirka rokte hain |
| E. Long Answer | 1: Khaana, dawa, teeka, kheti (nitrogen), safaai (decomposition) · 2: Table upar; bachav: dhakna, saaf paani/khaana, machchhar se bachav + teeke · 3: Namak, cheeni, tel-sirka, chemicals, garmi/thand/packing · 4: 64; bacteria tezi se badhte hain, toxin food poisoning karta hai |
| F. HOTS | 1: Nahi; yeast faydemand, sekne mein mar jaata hai · 2: Garmi mein bacteria tez badhte hain · 3: Aedes ka lifecycle todna · 4: Kachre ke dher; mitti ka poshan khatam |
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👩🏫 CharuMam Ka Tip
Microorganisms ke sawaal mein har cheez ko teen khaanon mein socho: (1) kaun (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae ya virus), (2) dost ya dushman, (3) kaise (hawa, paani, keede, chhoona). Ek chhoti table copy mein bana lo: bimaari, microbe, tareeka. Aur yaad rakho: antibiotic = sirf bacteria; gehoon ka rust = fungus, jung nahi! 🦠
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👉 Aage Kya?
Curiosity Ch 2: The Invisible Living World ka hub page jald aa raha hai; tab tak Class 8 Science page (link neeche) se baaki chapters padho. Agla Exemplar unit: Cell: Structure and Functions, jald aa raha hai!
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