NCERT Exemplar ke Light unit ke topics pe poori practice: reflection ke niyam, regular aur diffused reflection, plane mirror ka image, kaleidoscope aur periscope, white light ke rang, hamari aankh aur Braille. Pehle chhota recap, phir MCQs, fill in the blanks, true/false, short aur long answer, HOTS, aur aakhir mein answer key, sab ke hal Hinglish mein step by step. Isse apne current chapter Ch 10: Light: Mirrors and Lenses ke saath padhiye. 🔦
🧠 Concept Recap: Pehle Yeh Yaad Kar Lo
📏 Pehle 3 chhote shabd:
Ray = roshni ki patli seedhi lakeer, jaise torch ki dhaar. Teer (arrow) batata hai roshni kis taraf ja rahi hai.
Angle / degree (°) = do lines ke beech ka khulaapan. Poora ek chakkar ghoomna = 360°, kitaab ka kona = 90°.
Parallel = aisi do lines jo hamesha barabar doori pe rehti hain aur kabhi nahi milti, jaise rail ki patriyaan.
1. Reflection (paraavartan)
Roshni kisi chikni chamakdaar satah (jaise mirror) se takra kar wapas laut-ti hai: isi ko reflection kehte hain. Hum cheezein isliye dekh paate hain kyunki unse roshni reflect hokar hamari aankh tak aati hai.
- Incident ray: mirror pe girne wali ray. Reflected ray: wapas jaane wali ray. Normal: girne ke point pe mirror se 90° (seedhi khadi) line.
- Angle of incidence (i): incident ray aur normal ke beech ka angle. Angle of reflection (r): reflected ray aur normal ke beech ka angle. Dhyaan: angle hamesha normal se naapte hain, mirror se nahi!
Reflection ke do niyam: (1) angle of incidence = angle of reflection (i = r). (2) Incident ray, normal aur reflected ray teeno ek hi plane (ek hi samtal kaagaz jaisi satah) mein hote hain.
2. Regular aur diffused reflection
- Regular: chikni satah (mirror, shaant paani) se: parallel rays parallel hi wapas jaati hain, isliye saaf image banta hai.
- Diffused (bikhra hua): khurdari satah (kaagaz, deewar, kapda) se: rays alag-alag disha mein jaati hain, image nahi banta. Yahan bhi har ray niyam maanti hai; bas satah ke chhote-chhote hisse alag disha mein mude hote hain.
3. Plane mirror ka image
- Virtual (screen pe nahi aata), seedha (erect), object ke barabar size ka.
- Mirror ke peeche utni hi doori pe jitna object aage hai.
- Lateral inversion: left-right ulta dikhta hai: aapka daayan haath image mein baayan lagta hai. Isliye ambulance pe “AMBULANCE” ulta likhte hain, taaki aage ki gaadi ke mirror mein seedha padha jaaye.
4. Kai images: kaleidoscope aur periscope
- Do plane mirrors ek angle pe hon to kai images bante hain. Angle 90° pe 3 images, 60° pe 5 images (seedha yaad rakho: 90° pe 3 images, 60° pe 5 images, 45° pe 7 images. Niyam: 360 ÷ angle − 1. Yeh niyam tab theek chalta hai jab 360 ÷ angle ka jawab even yaani 2 se poora bantne wala number ho, jaise 4, 6, 8; tab images ekdum saaf ginti mein aate hain). Do parallel mirrors mein anant (infinite) images.
- Kaleidoscope: teen lambi mirror pattiyaan ek doosre se 60° pe, andar rang-birangi chooriyon ke tukde: har ghumaav pe naya design.
- Periscope: do plane mirrors 45° pe, ek upar ek neeche: deewar ya pani ke upar ki cheez neeche se dekhne ke liye (submarine = paani ke andar chalne wali naav, bunker = zameen mein bana surakshit kamra).
5. White light ke rang
Suraj ki safed roshni saat rangon ka mel hai. Prism (kaanch ka tikona tukda, jiske dono sire triangle jaise hote hain, jaise Toblerone chocolate ka dabba) se guzarne pe yeh rang alag ho jaate hain: ise dispersion kehte hain. Baarish ke baad hawa mein paani ki chhoti boondein prism ka kaam karti hain aur rainbow (indradhanush) banta hai.
6. Hamari aankh aur Braille
| Hissa | Kaam |
|---|---|
| Cornea | Aage ki paardarshi (transparent) parat, roshni andar aane deti hai |
| Iris | Rangeen hissa; pupil ka size kam-zyada karta hai |
| Pupil | Beech ka chhed; tez roshni mein chhota, kam roshni mein bada |
| Lens | Roshni ko retina pe focus (ek point pe ikattha) karta hai |
| Retina | Aankh ka “parda” (screen), jahan image banta hai; isme rods (kam roshni) aur cones (rang aur tez roshni) cells hote hain |
| Optic nerve | Sandesh dimaag tak le jaati hai (nerve = sharir ki sandesh le jaane wali taar) |
- Blind spot: retina pe jahan optic nerve judti hai, wahan rods-cones nahi hote, isliye wahan bana image dikhta nahi.
- Persistence of vision: image retina pe lagbhag 1/16 second (ek second ke 16 tukde, unme se ek) tak bana rehta hai. Isliye tezi se badalti tasveerein (movie, flip-book) chalti hui lagti hain.
- Aankhon ki dekhbhaal: Vitamin A ki kami se night blindness (raat ko kam dikhna); gaajar, hari sabziyaan, doodh, papita faydemand. Kam ya bahut tez roshni mein na padho, aankh na ragdo.
- Braille: Louis Braille ka banaya likhne-padhne ka tareeka, jisme ubhre hue 6 dots (2 column, 3 line) ke pattern ungliyon se padhe jaate hain. Dekh na sakne wale (visually challenged) log isse padhte hain.
🔗 Current chapter se jod: Ch 10 mein curved (spherical) mirrors aur lens hain. Unpe bhi yahi reflection ke niyam lagte hain: har point pe normal se i = r.
— 📌 charumam.com
📝 Section A: 10 MCQs
Har sawaal ke 4 options mein se ek sahi chuno. Pehle khud socho, phir “Hal dekho” kholo.
Q1. Ek ray plane mirror pe 35° ke angle of incidence pe girti hai. Angle of reflection kitna hoga?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) 35°
Pehla niyam: i = r. i = 35° to r = 35°. (55° tab aata jab koi galti se mirror se angle naap le.)
Q2. Ek ray mirror ki satah se 30° ka angle banati hai. Angle of reflection kitna hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) 60°
Step 1: angle normal se naapte hain. Normal mirror se 90° pe hai.
Step 2: angle of incidence = 90° − 30° = 60°.
Step 3: i = r, to r = 60°. (30° wala jawab sabse common galti hai!)
Q3. Diffused reflection kyun hota hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Satah khurdari hoti hai
Khurdari satah ke chhote-chhote hisse alag-alag disha mein mude hote hain. Har ray to i = r maanti hai, par normal har jagah alag hai, isliye rays bikhar jaati hain. Jawab: satah khurdari hoti hai.
Q4. Plane mirror ka image kaisa hota hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Virtual, seedha, barabar size
Plane mirror ka image screen pe nahi aata (virtual), ulta nahi (erect/seedha), aur object ke barabar. Jawab: virtual, seedha, barabar size.
Q5. Do plane mirrors 90° pe rakhe hain. Beech mein rakhi ek mombatti ke kitne images dikhenge?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (c) 3
Niyam: 360 ÷ 90 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3. Ghar pe do mirror ko kitaab ki tarah khol kar 90° pe rakh ke try karo.
Q6. Aankh ka kaunsa hissa pupil ka size kam-zyada karke andar aane wali roshni control karta hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (a) Iris
Iris (aankh ka rangeen hissa) ki muscles (maaspeshiyaan, sharir ko hilaane wale hisse) pupil ko tez roshni mein chhota aur kam roshni mein bada karti hain.
Q7. Retina ke kaun se cells rangon ko pehchaante hain?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Cones
Cones rang aur tez roshni ke liye; rods kam roshni ke liye. Isliye kam roshni mein rang theek se nahi dikhte.
Q8. Blind spot pe image kyun nahi dikhta?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Wahan rods aur cones nahi hote
Blind spot woh jagah hai jahan optic nerve retina se judti hai; wahan roshni pakadne wale rods aur cones nahi hote.
Q9. White light ka saat rangon mein bant jaana kya kehlata hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) Dispersion
Prism ya paani ki boondon se white light ke rang alag hona dispersion hai. Rainbow isi ka example hai.
Q10. Plane mirror mein kaunsa shabd bilkul waisa hi padha jaayega jaisa likha hai?
Hal (step by step) dekho
Sahi jawab: (b) WOW
Mirror left-right ulta karta hai. WOW ke teeno akshar (W, O, W) khadi line se dono taraf ek jaise (symmetric) hain, aur shabd ulta padhne pe bhi WOW hai. Isliye WOW waisa hi dikhega. BOOK mein B aur K, PEN mein P, E, N, CAR mein C aur R ulte dikhenge.
— 📌 charumam.com
✍️ Section B: Fill in the Blanks
Khaali jagah (_____) mein sahi shabd ya number bharo.
Q1. Angle of incidence hamesha angle of reflection ke _____ hota hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: barabar
Yeh reflection ka pehla niyam hai: i = r.
Q2. Girne ke point pe mirror se 90° pe kheechi gayi line _____ kehlati hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: normal
Saare angles (i aur r) isi normal se naape jaate hain.
Q3. Plane mirror mein image mirror ke peeche utni hi _____ pe banta hai jitna object aage hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: doori
Object 1 m aage → image 1 m peeche; object aur image ke beech 2 m.
Q4. Do parallel mirrors ke beech rakhi cheez ke _____ images bante hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: anant (infinite)
Roshni dono mirrors ke beech baar-baar reflect hoti rehti hai, isliye images ki line khatam nahi hoti (har agla thoda dhundhla).
Q5. Aankh mein image _____ pe banta hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: retina
Retina aankh ka parda (screen) hai; wahan se optic nerve sandesh dimaag ko bhejti hai.
Q6. Retina pe image lagbhag _____ second tak bana rehta hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: 1/16
Ise persistence of vision kehte hain; isi wajah se movie ke alag-alag frames chalti tasveer lagte hain.
Q7. Vitamin _____ ki kami se night blindness hoti hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: A
Gaajar, papita, hari pattedaar sabziyaan, doodh aur ande mein Vitamin A milta hai.
Q8. Braille ke har akshar ke dabbe (cell) mein _____ ubhre hue dots ki jagah hoti hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
Jawab: 6
2 column aur 3 line: 6 jagah. Kaunse dots ubhre hain, uske pattern se akshar banta hai.
— 📌 charumam.com
✅❌ Section C: True / False
Batao statement sahi (True) hai ya galat (False). Galat ho to use sahi karke likho.
Q1. Diffused reflection mein reflection ke niyam nahi maane jaate.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Har ray i = r maanti hai; bas khurdari satah pe normal har point pe alag disha mein hai. Sahi: “Diffused reflection mein bhi niyam maane jaate hain.”
Q2. Plane mirror mein aapka daayan haath image ka baayan haath lagta hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Yeh lateral inversion hai: image mein left-right ulta.
Q3. Periscope mein do plane mirrors use hote hain.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Do plane mirrors 45° pe, ek upar aur ek neeche, ek doosre ke parallel.
Q4. Rainbow suraj ki roshni ke paani ki boondon se dispersion ki wajah se banta hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Har boond chhote prism ki tarah kaam karti hai aur white light ke rang alag kar deti hai.
Q5. Tez roshni mein pupil bada ho jaata hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Tez roshni mein pupil chhota hota hai taaki zyada roshni andar aakar retina ko nuksaan na pahunchaye; kam roshni mein bada.
Q6. Hum kitaab isliye dekh paate hain kyunki kitaab roshni ko reflect karke hamari aankh tak bhejti hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
✅ True
Kitaab khud roshni nahi banati; bulb ya suraj ki roshni usse (diffused) reflect hokar aankh tak aati hai.
Q7. Chand (Moon) ek luminous (khud roshni dene wala) object hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Chand khud roshni nahi deta; woh suraj ki roshni reflect karta hai. Woh non-luminous hai.
Q8. Plane mirror ka image screen pe liya (pakda) ja sakta hai.
Jawab aur kaaran
❌ False
Galat. Plane mirror ka image virtual hai: rays asal mein mirror ke peeche nahi jaatin, isliye screen pe image nahi aata.
— 📌 charumam.com
🟢 Section D: Short Answer Questions
2 se 3 marks wale sawaal. Har step likhne ki aadat daalo.
Q1. Andhere kamre mein hum cheezein kyun nahi dekh paate, chahe aankhein khuli hon?
Step-by-step hal
Step 1: dekhne ke liye cheez se roshni aankh tak aani chahiye.
Step 2: zyaadatar cheezein khud roshni nahi banatin; woh bahar se aayi roshni reflect karti hain.
Step 3: andhere mein reflect karne ke liye roshni hi nahi, to aankh tak kuch nahi pahunchta. Isliye kuch nahi dikhta.
Q2. Regular aur diffused reflection mein do antar likho, ek-ek example ke saath.
Step-by-step hal
| Regular | Diffused |
|---|---|
| Chikni, chamakdaar satah (mirror, shaant paani, steel ki thaali) | Khurdari satah (kaagaz, deewar, lakdi, kapda) |
| Parallel rays reflect hokar parallel rehti hain, saaf image banta hai | Rays alag-alag disha mein bikhar jaati hain, image nahi banta |
Dono mein har ray i = r maanti hai.
Q3. Ambulance ke aage “AMBULANCE” ulta (mirror jaisa) kyun likha hota hai?
Step-by-step hal
Step 1: aage chal rahi gaadi ka driver peeche ki gaadi ko apne rear-view mirror mein dekhta hai.
Step 2: mirror lateral inversion karta hai (left-right ulta).
Step 3: ulta likha shabd mirror mein phir se ulta hokar seedha padha jaata hai, aur driver turant rasta de deta hai.
Q4. Riya plane mirror se 2 m door khadi hai. (a) Riya aur uske image ke beech kitni doori hai? (b) Woh 1 m mirror ki taraf chalti hai; ab doori kitni hogi?
Step-by-step hal
(a) Image mirror ke peeche 2 m pe. Kul doori = 2 + 2 = 4 m.
(b) Ab Riya mirror se 2 − 1 = 1 m door, image bhi 1 m peeche. Kul = 1 + 1 = 2 m.
Dhyaan: Riya 1 m chali, par Riya-image ki doori 2 m kam hui, kyunki image bhi 1 m paas aaya.
Q5. Blind spot kya hai? Ghar pe ise kaise mehsoos (demonstrate) kar sakte hain?
Step-by-step hal
Kya hai: retina pe woh jagah jahan optic nerve judti hai; wahan rods-cones nahi, isliye wahan bana image dikhta nahi.
Activity: ek card pe left mein ek ✚ (plus) aur 8–10 cm right mein ek mota ● (dot) banao. Left aankh band karo, right aankh se sirf ✚ ko ghoorte raho, aur card ko dheere-dheere aankh ke paas-door karo. Ek doori pe ● gayab ho jaata hai: us waqt dot ka image blind spot pe pad raha hai.
Q6. Rods aur cones ke kaam likho. Kam roshni mein rang theek se kyun nahi dikhte?
Step-by-step hal
Rods: kam (dheemi) roshni mein dekhne mein madad. Cones: tez roshni aur rangon ki pehchaan.
Kam roshni mein cones theek se kaam nahi karte, sirf rods karte hain, aur rods rang nahi pehchaante. Isliye shaam ya chaandni mein cheezein dikhti to hain par rang feeke/bhoore lagte hain.
— 📌 charumam.com
📘 Section E: Long Answer Questions
4 se 5 marks wale sawaal. Hal mein har step ka kaaran bhi likha hai.
Q1. Ek activity se reflection ke dono niyam samjhao. Kya-kya saamaan chahiye, steps aur nateeja (observation) likho.
Step-by-step hal
Saamaan: torch, ek kanghi (comb) jiska ek daant chhod kar baaki kaagaz se band, plane mirror ki chhoti patti, safed chart paper, protractor (angle naapne wala aadha-gol scale, geometry box mein milta hai), pencil.
Step 1: chart paper ko mez pe bichhao aur ek seedhi line kheencho; mirror ko is line pe khada karo.
Step 2: mirror pe ek point O chuno aur wahan se line se 90° pe normal kheencho.
Step 3: andhere jaise kamre mein torch kanghi ke peeche se jalao, taaki ek patli ray kaagaz pe chalti hui O pe gire.
Step 4: incident aur reflected ray ke saath pencil se dots lagao, phir unhe jod kar line banao.
Step 5: protractor se normal ke saath angle i aur r naapo. Alag-alag angle pe 3–4 baar dohraao.
Nateeja 1: har baar i = r (jaise 30° aur 30°, 45° aur 45°).
Nateeja 2: kaagaz ka thoda sa hissa (reflected ray wala) mod do: reflected ray ab mude hue hisse pe nahi dikhti. Matlab incident ray, normal aur reflected ray ek hi plane (samtal kaagaz) mein hain.
Q2. Kaleidoscope kaise banta hai aur kaise kaam karta hai? Do mirrors ke angle 90°, 60° aur 45° pe kitne images bante hain?
Step-by-step hal
Banana: teen barabar lambi mirror pattiyaan (lagbhag 15 cm × 4 cm; cm = centimetre, scale pe chhote nishaan) lo aur unhe aise jodo ki ek prism (triangle wala tunnel) ban jaaye; har do mirror ke beech 60°. Ek taraf gol gatte pe ghisa (frosted) plastic ya kaagaz aur andar rang-birangi chooriyon ke tukde. Doosri taraf dekhne ke liye chhed wala dhakkan. Bahar se chart paper lapet do.
Kaam: tukdon ka image mirrors mein baar-baar reflect hokar kai images banata hai, jo milkar sundar symmetric design dikhaate hain. Ghumaane pe tukde khisakte hain aur naya design banta hai.
Images ki ginti (360 ÷ angle − 1):
- 90°: 360 ÷ 90 − 1 = 3
- 60°: 360 ÷ 60 − 1 = 5
- 45°: 360 ÷ 45 − 1 = 7
Angle jitna chhota, images utne zyada; angle 0° (parallel) pe anant. (Angle 0° kyun? Jab do mirrors parallel hokar aamne-saamne hon, to unke beech koi khulaapan nahi hota, isliye angle 0° maana jaata hai, aur roshni baar-baar takrati rehti hai, to images ruk-te hi nahi.)
Q3. Insaan ki aankh ke mukhya hisse aur unke kaam likho. Aankhon ki dekhbhaal ke 4 tareeke bhi batao.
Step-by-step hal
Hisse (bahar se andar):
- Cornea: saamne ki paardarshi parat; roshni andar aane deti hai aur bachaati hai.
- Iris: rangeen muscle (maaspeshi) wala hissa; pupil ka size badalta hai.
- Pupil: beech ka chhed; roshni isi se andar jaati hai.
- Lens: roshni ko retina pe focus (ek point pe ikattha) karta hai.
- Retina: parda jahan image banta hai; rods aur cones cells.
- Optic nerve: retina se sandesh dimaag tak; jahan judti hai wahan blind spot.
Dekhbhaal: (1) Vitamin A wala khana (gaajar, papita, hari sabzi, doodh). (2) Kam ya bahut tez roshni mein na padho; kitaab aankh se lagbhag 25 cm door rakho. (3) Suraj ya tez light ko seedha mat dekho. (4) Aankh mein kuch pade to ragdo nahi, saaf paani se dhoo, aur regular aankh ki jaanch karao; screen se beech-beech mein break lo.
Q4. White light ke saat rangon wala experiment (prism se) samjhao. Rainbow aur CD ke rang kaise bante hain?
Step-by-step hal
Experiment: andhere kamre mein khidki ke chhote chhed ya torch se ek patli safed roshni ki ray glass prism pe daalo. Prism ke doosri taraf safed deewar ya kaagaz pe ek rangeen patti dikhti hai.
Rang (kram se): Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (yaad rakhne ke liye: VIBGYOR).
Matlab: white light ek rang nahi, saat rangon ka mel hai; prism unhe alag kar deta hai. Ise dispersion kehte hain.
Rainbow: baarish ke baad hawa mein latki chhoti boondein prism ka kaam karti hain; suraj hamari peeth ke peeche ho to saamne indradhanush dikhta hai.
CD / soap bubble: inki satah pe bhi roshni ke rang alag hote dikhte hain, isliye CD ko roshni mein ghumaane pe rangeen patti dikhti hai.
— 📌 charumam.com
🧩 Section F: HOTS (Soch Wale Sawaal)
HOTS matlab Higher Order Thinking Skills: aise sawaal jinme formula se aage thoda dimaag lagana padta hai.
Q1. Ek ray mirror pe aise girti hai ki incident ray aur reflected ray ke beech 90° ka angle hai. Angle of incidence kitna hai?
Soch aur hal dekho
Soch: incident aur reflected ray ke beech ka angle = i + r. Aur i = r.
i + i = 90° → 2 × i = 90° → i = 45°.
Q2. Agar ray mirror pe normal ke saath-saath (seedhi 90° se) gire, to reflected ray kahan jaayegi? Kyun?
Soch aur hal dekho
Normal ke saath-saath girne ka matlab i = 0°. Niyam se r = 0°, to reflected ray bhi normal pe hi hogi, yaani usi raaste wapas laut aayegi. Isliye mirror ke bilkul saamne khade hone pe torch ki roshni seedha aapki taraf wapas aati hai.
Q3. Ek deewar ghadi (sirf suiyon wali, bina number ki) ka image plane mirror mein 4:20 dikha raha hai. Asli time kya hai?
Soch aur hal dekho
Soch: mirror left-right ulta karta hai, to suiyaan 12–6 wali khadi line ke dusri taraf barabar doori pe dikhti hain.
Shortcut: asli time = 12:00 − dikha hua time.
1 ghanta = 60 minute, isliye 12:00 ko 11 ghante 60 minute yaani 11:60 likh sakte hain (minute mein se 20 ghataane ke liye). 12:00 − 4:20 = 11:60 − 4:20 = 7:40.
Check: 7:40 ka image ulta karo: chhoti sui 7 aur 8 ke beech → mirror mein 5 aur 4 ke beech; badi sui 8 pe → mirror mein 4 pe (yaani 20 minute). Dikhega 4:20 ✅
Q4. Flip-book (kitaab ke kinaare pe har page pe thodi badli tasveer) ko tezi se palatne pe tasveer chalti hui kyun lagti hai? Agar page bahut dheere palto to kya hoga?
Soch aur hal dekho
Soch: persistence of vision: har tasveer ka image retina pe lagbhag 1/16 second (ek second ke 16 tukde, unme se ek) tak rehta hai.
Tezi se palatne pe agli tasveer purani ke mitne se pehle aa jaati hai (1 second mein 16 se zyada pages), to dimaag unhe jod kar chalti tasveer samajhta hai. Movie bhi aise hi har second mein lagbhag 24 frames dikhati hai.
Dheere palatne pe har tasveer mit jaati hai aur agli alag dikhti hai, to jhatke wali alag-alag tasveerein dikhengi, chalti hui nahi.
— 📌 charumam.com
🔑 Answer Key (Ek Nazar Mein)
Pehle saare sawaal khud karo, phir yahan milaao. Jahan galti ho, upar us sawaal ka step-by-step hal dobara padho.
| Section | Answers |
|---|---|
| A. MCQ | 1: (b) · 2: (b) · 3: (b) · 4: (b) · 5: (c) · 6: (a) · 7: (b) · 8: (b) · 9: (b) · 10: (b) |
| B. Fill in the Blanks | 1: barabar · 2: normal · 3: doori · 4: anant (infinite) · 5: retina · 6: 1/16 · 7: A · 8: 6 |
| C. True / False | 1: F · 2: T · 3: T · 4: T · 5: F · 6: T · 7: F · 8: F |
| D. Short Answer | 1: Roshni nahi, to reflect hokar aankh tak kuch nahi aata · 2: Satah chikni vs khurdari; image banta vs nahi · 3: Lateral inversion: mirror mein seedha padha jaaye · 4: (a) 4 m (b) 2 m · 5: Optic nerve wali jagah; cross-dot activity · 6: Rods: kam roshni; Cones: rang |
| E. Long Answer | 1: i = r; teeno ek plane mein · 2: 3, 5, 7 images · 3: Cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve · 4: Dispersion; VIBGYOR |
| F. HOTS | 1: 45° · 2: Usi raaste wapas (i = r = 0°) · 3: 7:40 · 4: Persistence of vision |
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👩🏫 CharuMam Ka Tip
Light ke numericals mein sabse badi galti: angle mirror se naap lena. Hamesha pehle normal kheencho, phir angle normal se naapo. Diagram mein teer (arrow) zaroor lagao: incident ray mirror ki taraf, reflected ray mirror se door. Aur ghar pe do mirror aur ek mombatti (badon ke saath) se images gin kar dekho: yaad hamesha ke liye pakki! 🔦
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👉 Aage Kya?
Chapter Light: Mirrors and Lenses ke posts padhte raho (link neeche): wahan curved mirrors aur lens hain. Agla Exemplar unit: Materials: Metals and Non-Metals, jald aa raha hai!
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